Etiology
Deep dental caries is the most common etiology, allowing bacterial toxins and eventually bacteria themselves to reach the pulp.
Trauma — acute blows to the tooth can cause direct pulp injury, disruption of the apical blood supply (luxation injuries), or crown fractures exposing the pulp.
Iatrogenic causes include excessive heat generation during cavity preparation, chemical irritation from restorative materials, and pulp exposure during procedures.
Periodontal disease can cause retrograde pulpitis when bacteria invade the pulp through lateral canals or the apex.
Cracked tooth syndrome leads to intermittent pulp inflammation from flexion forces along the crack.