Classification
Stage 1 — Initial Caries (White Spot Lesion)
Demineralization of the subsurface enamel without visible cavitation.
- • White or chalky appearance
- • Intact surface
- • Reversible with remineralization therapy
Stage 2 — Enamel Caries
Cavitation confined to enamel.
- • Visible cavity in enamel
- • No pain (enamel is non-vital)
- • Brown or black discoloration
Stage 3 — Dentin Caries
Caries extends into dentin, involving the dentin-enamel junction.
- • Sensitivity to sweet, cold stimuli
- • Larger visible cavity
- • Risk of pulp involvement
Stage 4 — Pulp Involvement
Carious process reaches the pulp chamber.
- • Spontaneous or severe pain
- • Requires endodontic treatment
- • Risk of abscess formation